The 21-year-old, who spent the first half of last season on loan at Crewe Alexandra, featured four times in the Premier League upon his return to St. James' Park.
White joined the Magpies' Academy in 2016 and progressed through the ranks via loan spells with Hartlepool United, Exeter City and Crewe, before making his first-team debut in February's 2-2 draw at home to AFC Bournemouth.
The midfielder will now link up with former United defender Mike Williamson, whose side currently occupy 15th place in League Two.
Everybody at Newcastle United wishes Joe well for the season ahead.