Caldwell, who came through the Magpies' Academy set-up between 1997 and 2001, will re-join the club on a short-term basis while an external recruitment process takes place to appoint Hogg’s full-time successor.
Hogg left the club for MK Dons last week, taking up the position of assistant manager to newly appointed Dons boss Liam Manning.
Caldwell will be in attendance when the Under-23s host Reading in Premier League 2 on Monday evening before taking charge for the trip to Birmingham City a week later.
GARY CALDWELL'S CAREER
As a player, Stirling-born Caldwell joined Newcastle United aged 16 alongside his brother, Steven.
Gary and Steven joined the club together in 1997
After spending four years in the club's youth system, he enjoyed loan spells at Darlington, Hibernian, Coventry City and Derby County, before leaving for Hibs on a permanent basis in 2004.
Forging a hugely successful career, he moved to Celtic in 2006, winning two SPL titles and both domestic cups, before closing his career at Wigan Athletic, winning the FA Cup in 2013.
He began his coaching career in the Latics' Academy after retiring in 2015 and was quickly appointed as the club's new manager - leading them to the League One title at the first time of asking and picking up the LMA League One Manager of the Year award.
The 39-year-old has also taken charge of Chesterfield and Partick Thistle at first team level.
A former Scotland captain, Caldwell earned 55 international caps as a player and scored twice for his country.